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Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure used to join two or more vertebrae in the spine to stabilize it and reduce pain or discomfort caused by conditions affecting the spine. This procedure is typically performed to treat spinal disorders such as degenerative disc disease, spinal fractures, scoliosis, and herniated discs that have not responded to conservative treatments like physical therapy, medication, or injections. The surgery involves removing the damaged disc or other problematic tissue between the vertebrae and then using bone grafts or implants to fuse the adjacent vertebrae together. The fusion process may be assisted by the use of metal plates, screws, or rods to hold the vertebrae in place and promote proper healing. Over time, the bone grafts or implants stimulate the growth of new bone, gradually joining the vertebrae into a single solid unit. Symptoms that may lead to spinal fusion include persistent back pain, leg pain (sciatica), reduced mobility, and nerve pain caused by spinal instability or misalignment. For instance, degenerative disc disease can lead to severe pain due to the collapse of intervertebral discs, while scoliosis can cause significant spinal curvature and discomfort. Complications associated with spinal fusion can include infection, bleeding, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. There is also a risk of nonunion, where the vertebrae do not properly fuse together, leading to continued pain or instability. Other potential issues include adjacent segment disease, where the spinal segments above or below the fused area may experience increased stress and develop problems. Post-operative care is essential to ensure a successful outcome and includes managing pain, engaging in physical therapy to restore movement and strength, and following a prescribed rehabilitation program. Patients are also advised to avoid activities that may strain the spine during the recovery period. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary to monitor the progress of the fusion and address any complications that may arise. Spinal fusion can provide significant relief from pain, improve spinal stability, and enhance overall function for individuals with severe spinal conditions, offering a pathway to improved quality of life and functional recovery.